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Björling-Kallstenius Expedition
The Björling-Kallstenius Expedition of 1892 was led by the Swedish naturalists Alfred Björling and Evald Kallstenius, with the aim of being the first men to reach the North Pole. The men purchased the schooner ''Ripple'' in St. John's, Newfoundland, hiring three crew. The expedition ended in disaster, with the deaths of all five men.
==Expedition==
In 1892, a 21-year-old Swede named Alfred Björling organized an expedition to be the first to reach the North Pole. Björling convinced fellow Swede and zoologist Evald Kallstenius to join him on what was described as a "botanizing expedition to northern Greenland".〔Mowat, p. 224〕 The expedition was mounted on a very low budget and is considered to have been a romantic, even foolhardy, attempt at the Pole.〔〔(Harper, Ken. (Oct 7, 2005) ''Nunatsiaq News'': "Taissumani: A Day in Arctic History Oct. 12, 1892 - The Disappearance of Bjorling and Kallstenius" )>〕 The men purchased the schooner ''Ripple'' in St. John's, Newfoundland, and hired a Dane and two Newfoundlanders as crew.〔(Harper, Ken. (Oct 7, 2005) ''Nunatsiaq News'': "Taissumani: A Day in Arctic History Oct. 12, 1892 - The Disappearance of Bjorling and Kallstenius" )>〕
The exact history of the expedition is not well known, however it appears that their plan was to sail to Etah and hire local Inuit to help them reach the Pole.〔 While stopping at the Carey Islands in Baffin Bay to pick up supplies at a cache there, the ''Ripple'' was driven on shore and wrecked. The men attempted to sail a small sloop (also purchased in Newfoundland) back to Etah, but were forced to return to the Carey Islands. According to letters left in a cairn on the Carey Islands, the remaining four men attempted to sail their open boat 80 miles to Ellesmere Island: "Forced by bad weather to linger on this island for a long time, I now set out on the tour to the Eskimos... on Ellesmere Island. As I hope that a whaler will visit Carey Island next summer to rescue me and my companions, I will try to reach this island again before July 1. We are now five men, of which one is dying."〔(Harper, Ken. (Oct 7, 2005) ''Nunatsiaq News'': "Taissumani: A Day in Arctic History Oct. 12, 1892 - The Disappearance of Bjorling and Kallstenius" )>〕
In June 1893, the crew of the Scottish whaler ''Aurora'' spotted a wreck on the Carey Islands. They found the ''Ripple'', and a man’s body buried under a pile of stones, and Björling's letters.〔(Harper, Ken. (Oct 7, 2005) ''Nunatsiaq News'': "Taissumani: A Day in Arctic History Oct. 12, 1892 - The Disappearance of Bjorling and Kallstenius" )>〕 No trace of the other four men, or the small boat, was ever found.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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